Dan McClellan argues that there is no monotheism in the Bible. Is this right?
Dan is aware of the many verses throughout Isaiah 44-46 that are often taken in a monotheistic light. For example, where the God of Israel repeatedly says:
- Before me no god was formed, nor shall there be any after me. I, I am the Lord, and besides me there is no savior. Isaiah 43:10-11
- I am the first and I am the last; besides me there is no god. Isaiah 44:6
- And you are my witnesses! Is there a God besides me? There is no Rock; I know not any. Isaiah 44:8
- I am the Lord, and there is no other, besides me there is no God. Isaiah 45:5
- There is none besides me; I am the Lord, and there is no other. Isaiah 45:6
- They will plead with you, saying: “Surely God is in you, and there is no other, no god besides him.” Isaiah 45:14
- For thus says the Lord, who created the heavens (he is God!), who formed the earth and made it (he established it; he did not create it empty, he formed it to be inhabited!): “I am the Lord, and there is no other.” Isaiah 45:18
- And there is no other god besides me, a righteous God and a Savior; there is none besides me. Isaiah 45:21
- Turn to me and be saved, all the ends of the earth! For I am God, and there is no other. Isaiah 45:22
- I am God, and there is no other; I am God, and there is none like me. Isaiah 46:9
Those 10 examples are just from Isaiah 43-47 alone. And we can find the same language elsewhere, like in Deuteronomy. Here are three examples:
- The Lord is God; there is no other besides him. Deuteronomy 4:35
- the Lord is God in heaven above and on the earth beneath; there is no other. Deuteronomy 4:39
- See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god beside me; I kill and I make alive; I wound and I heal; and there is none that can deliver out of my hand. Deut. 32:39
But Dan makes the point that this rhetoric is also used of other personified wicked entities, like foreign cities, in the same portion of Isaiah:
- Now therefore hear this, you lover of pleasures, who sit securely, who say in your heart, “I am, and there is no one besides me; I shall not sit as a widow or know the loss of children.” Isaiah 47:8
- You felt secure in your wickedness; you said, “No one sees me”; your wisdom and your knowledge led you astray, and you said in your heart, “I am, and there is no one besides me.” Isaiah 47:10
And therefore Dan follows a tradition of scholarship (going back to people like James Barr) that interprets this language not as a denial of the ontological existence of other deities, but as a statement of absolute superiority over them. Is that right?
In this video I argue that when the Bible speaks of other gods, it primarily means either:
(a) foreign idols that don’t actually exist, or
(b) spiritual beings that in Christian theology are traditionally called angels and demons.
Whether we call this monotheism is a matter of terminology. But what the Bible presents in non-technical language amounts to monotheism proper, since there is one God from whom and for whom all things (including other “gods”).
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